{"trustable":false,"prependHtml":"\u003cscript\u003e window.katexOptions \u003d { disable: true }; \u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cscript type\u003d\"text/x-mathjax-config\"\u003e\n MathJax.Hub.Config({\n tex2jax: {\n inlineMath: [[\u0027$$$\u0027,\u0027$$$\u0027], [\u0027$\u0027,\u0027$\u0027]],\n displayMath: [[\u0027$$$$$$\u0027,\u0027$$$$$$\u0027], [\u0027$$\u0027,\u0027$$\u0027]]\n }\n });\n\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cscript async src\u003d\"https://mathjax.codeforces.org/MathJax.js?config\u003dTeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\" type\u003d\"text/javascript\"\u003e\u003c/script\u003e","sections":[{"title":"题目描述","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"\u003cscript type\u003d\u0027text/x-mathjax-config\u0027\u003eMathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: { inlineMath: [[\u0027$\u0027,\u0027$\u0027]] } }); \u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cscript type\u003d\u0027text/javascript\u0027 src\u003d\u0027https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config\u003dTeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\u0027\u003e\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cscript type\u003d\u0027text/javascript\u0027\u003esetTimeout(function(){MathJax.Hub.Queue([\u0027Typeset\u0027, MathJax.Hub, \u0027left_view\u0027]);}, 2000);\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cdiv class\u003d\"panel_content\"\u003e\n 精通博弈论的涛神,擅长各种Nim、巴什、威佐夫、斐波那契博弈题目。这一天,他心血来潮,想给大家讲一讲SG函数。\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\nSG函数的值是这样定义的,SG(i)\u003dmex{SG(j)|j是i的后继},mex运算是一种集合运算,被定义为不存在于这个集合中的最小的非负整数。\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e当SG\u003d0时,先手必败;否则先手一定可以转移到一个SG\u003d0的状态,从而保证先手必胜。\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \n \u003cbr\u003e归神学了SG函数之后,觉得mex运算非常有意思。于是,这一天他对着n个非负整数ai,想对mex集合运算作一些推广,于是,他把mex(L,R)定义为不存在于[L,R]这一段区间里的数中的最小非负整数。现在归神想求所有对于1\u003c\u003dL\u003c\u003dR\u003c\u003dn的[L,R]的mex(L,R)之和,你能帮帮他么?\n\u003c/div\u003e"}},{"title":"输入","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"保证输入最多有20组样例。\n\u003cbr\u003e对于每组样例,有一个整数n,代表序列长度。 \n\u003cbr\u003e下一行包括n个整数,第i个整数为ai,用空格分开。\n\u003cbr\u003e(1 \u0026lt;\u003d n \u0026lt;\u003d 200000, 0 \u0026lt;\u003d ai \u0026lt;\u003d 10^9) \n\u003cbr\u003e输入以n\u003d0结束."}},{"title":"输出","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"对于每组样例,输出一个数,表示答案。"}},{"title":"样例输入","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"\u003cpre\u003e3\n0 1 3\n5\n1 0 2 0 1\n0\u003c/pre\u003e"}},{"title":"样例输出","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"\u003cpre\u003e5\n24\n\n \n \u003ci style\u003d\"font-size:1px\"\u003e \u003c/i\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e"}},{"title":"提示","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"\u003cpre\u003e\n对于第一个样例,\nans[1,1]\u003d1, ans[1,2]\u003d2, ans[1,3]\u003d2, ans[2,2]\u003d0, ans[2,3]\u003d0,ans[3,3]\u003d0.\n所以,ans的总和是5。\n \u003c/pre\u003e"}}]}