{"trustable":true,"sections":[{"title":"","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"\u003cp\u003eGiven a sequence of $n$ numbers $a_1, a_2, \\cdots, a_n$ and three functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefine a function $f(l,r)$ which returns $\\oplus a[x]$ ($l \\le x \\le r$). The $\\oplus$ represents exclusive OR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefine a function $g(l,r)$ which returns $\\oplus f(x,y)(l \\le x \\le y \\le r)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefine a function $w(l,r)$ which returns $\\oplus g(x,y)(l \\le x \\le y \\le r)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou are also given a number of xor-queries. A xor-query is a pair ($i, j$) ($1 \\le i \\le j \\le n$). For each xor-query $(i, j)$, you have to answer the result of function $w(l,r)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInput\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLine $1$: $t (1 \\le t \\le 20)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each test case:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLine $1$: $n (1 \\le n \\le 100000)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLine $2$: $n$ numbers $a_1, a_2, \\cdots, a_n (1 \\le a_i \\le 10^9)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLine $3$: $q (1 \\le q \\le 100000)$, the number of xor-queries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the next $q$ lines, each line contains $2$ numbers $i, j$ representing a xor-query $(1 \\le i \\le j \\le n)$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is guaranteed that sum of $n$ and $q \\le 10^6$.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOutput\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each xor-query $(i, j)$, print the result of function $w(i,j)$ in a single line.\u003c/p\u003e"}},{"title":"Sample 1","value":{"format":"HTML","content":"\u003ctable class\u003d\u0027vjudge_sample\u0027\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth\u003eInput\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth\u003eOutput\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cpre\u003e1\n5\n1 2 3 4 5\n5\n1 3\n1 5\n1 4\n4 5\n3 5\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cpre\u003e2\n4\n0\n1\n4\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cbr /\u003e"}}]}